Learn about endoscopy: what it is, how it's performed, and different types of endoscopy procedures.

Endoscopy is one of the most significant advances in modern medicine. It revolutionized the way doctors examine the inside of the human body. By using a flexible tube with a tiny camera, this procedure allows for accurate examination and diagnosis without the need for large surgical incisions. Today, endoscopy is an essential tool for detecting, diagnosing, and even treating a wide range of medical conditions in a minimally invasive way.

In this blog, we will explore what endoscopy is, how it works, the types of procedures available, and what to expect before and after the process.

Understanding Endoscopy: A Detailed Overview

Endoscopy was first introduced in the 1800s, but it became a highly effective diagnostic and therapeutic tool with the development of medical fiber optics in the mid-1900s.

Today, endoscopy plays a key role in modern healthcare by allowing doctors to directly visualize internal organs and tissues without the need for large surgical incisions. This significantly reduces the necessity for open exploratory surgeries.

Key benefitial aspects of endoscopy include:

• Minimally invasive

• Quick procedure (usually 15–60 minutes)

• Faster recovery time

• High diagnostic accuracy

• Real-time imaging

• Fewer side effects compared to surgery

• Lower cost than traditional surgery

• Shorter hospital stay

Because of its accessibility and competitive pricing, endoscopy in Turkey is a popular choice for patients seeking reliable and affordable care.

What is an Endoscopy?

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows doctors to look inside the body using a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope. This device has a light and a tiny camera at its tip, providing clear images of internal organs and tissues. The procedure is commonly performed to diagnose and sometimes treat various conditions without the need for open surgery.

In Turkey, including major cities like Istanbul, endoscopy is widely available and offers an affordable, high-quality option for patients.

How is an Endoscopy Performed?

Endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure designed to examine internal organs and, when needed, perform minor treatments. The process typically involves the following steps:

1. Preparation – The patient may need to fast for several hours before the procedure. In some cases, a laxative is given to clear the digestive tract.

2. Anesthesia – Sedation and local anesthesia are used to ensure comfort during the procedure.

3. Inserting the Endoscope – The flexible tube is gently inserted through the mouth or rectum, depending on the type of endoscopy.

4. Examination – The endoscope transmits real-time images, allowing doctors to view the internal structures clearly.

5. Biopsy (if needed) – If suspicious areas are detected, tissue samples may be collected for further analysis.

6. Completion and Monitoring – The endoscope is carefully withdrawn, and the patient is monitored during recovery.

In addition to diagnosis, small surgical tools can be passed through the endoscope to remove polyps, stop bleeding, or perform minor procedures without open surgery.

Why is an Endoscopy Recommended?

Endoscopy is recommended when doctors need a clear view inside the body without invasive surgery. It can be used to confirm imaging results (such as CT or MRI), take biopsy samples, or even perform minor treatments.

Many international patients choose endoscopy in Turkey because of its high diagnostic accuracy, advanced technology, and expert medical care.

Common Symptoms and Conditions Requiring Endoscopy

Endoscopy is often suggested to evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) issues and other concerns. Some common reasons include:

• Persistent abdominal pain

• Severe or chronic acid reflux

• Difficulty swallowing

• Unexplained weight loss

• Stomach or intestinal ulcers

• Tumors or inflammation

• Vomiting blood or blood in stool

• GI bleeding

• Polyps

• Chronic diarrhea or constipation

Patients planning an endoscopy in Turkey should always verify the accreditation and expertise of the hospital or clinic to ensure safe and accurate results.

Common Symptoms and Conditions Requiring Endoscopy

Endoscopy is often suggested to evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) issues and other concerns. Some common reasons include:

• Persistent abdominal pain

• Severe or chronic acid reflux

• Difficulty swallowing

• Unexplained weight loss

• Stomach or intestinal ulcers

• Tumors or inflammation

• Vomiting blood or blood in stool

• GI bleeding

• Polyps

• Chronic diarrhea or constipation

Patients planning an endoscopy in Turkey should always verify the accreditation and expertise of the hospital or clinic to ensure safe and accurate results.

Diagnostic vs. Therapeutic Endoscopy

Endoscopy can serve two main purposes:

• Diagnostic Endoscopy – Used to examine internal structures, identify the cause of symptoms, and collect biopsy samples.

• Therapeutic Endoscopy – Performed to treat conditions, such as removing polyps, placing stents, or stopping internal bleeding.

Types of Endoscopy

Patients visiting endoscopy units in Turkey can choose from several types of procedures based on their condition and diagnostic needs:

Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (Gastroscopy)

Also known as an upper GI endoscopy, this procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine. It is commonly performed to investigate abdominal pain, ulcers, and severe reflux symptoms.

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy allows doctors to view the large intestine (colon and rectum). It is typically recommended for detecting polyps, bleeding, inflammation, or colorectal cancer.

Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

This procedure visualizes the sigmoid colon (lower part of the colon) and rectum. It is a suitable alternative when a full colonoscopy is not necessary.

Capsule Endoscopy

In this non-invasive technique, the patient swallows a small capsule with a built-in camera, which captures images as it moves through the digestive tract. It is especially useful for examining the lower small intestine, an area difficult to reach with standard endoscopy.

Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)

EUS combines endoscopy with ultrasound to provide detailed images of the digestive tract and surrounding tissues. It is often used to diagnose stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, and other serious conditions.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

This specialized procedure combines endoscopy and X-rays to examine the bile ducts, pancreas, and gallbladder. ERCP can also be used to remove stones or place stents when needed.

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy is performed to examine the lungs and airways. It is recommended for conditions like chronic cough, respiratory infections, or suspected lung cancer.

Preparing for Your Endoscopy

If you are planning to have an endoscopy in Turkey, proper preparation is key to ensuring a safe and successful procedure.

Pre-Procedure Instructions

Before undergoing an endoscopy or colonoscopy, your doctor will provide specific guidelines. Common preparation steps include:

• Fasting for 6 to 8 hours before the procedure.

• Taking a laxative (especially before a colonoscopy) to clear the bowel.

• Wearing loose, comfortable clothing.

• Stopping blood thinners a few days prior, under medical supervision.

• Arranging for someone to accompany you, as sedation may make you drowsy afterward.

What to Discuss with Your Doctor

Before your endoscopy, be sure to inform your doctor about:

• Any allergies

• Current medications and supplements

• Previous surgeries

• Pre-existing health conditions (heart, lung, diabetes, etc.)

• Pregnancy status, if applicable

During the Endoscopy Procedure

Endoscopy is a typically a quick and minimally invasive procedure, lasting about 15 to 60 minutes depending on the type and complexity. The process is usually performed on an outpatient basis, meaning patients can go home the same day. Throughout the procedure, the medical team closely monitors vital signs to ensure safety. Thanks to sedation and local anesthesia, most patients experience little to no discomfort, and recovery begins almost immediately after the endoscope is removed.

Anesthesia and Comfort

Before starting the procedure, patients usually receive sedation combined with local anesthesia to reduce discomfort and help them relax. This means you’ll likely remain awake but drowsy. General anesthesia is only used in rare cases, such as complex therapeutic procedures.

What Happens During the Procedure

• The doctor inserts the endoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera, through the mouth (for upper GI) or rectum (for colonoscopy).

• The camera transmits real-time images to a monitor, allowing the doctor to examine internal organs.

• If necessary, biopsy samples or small growths (polyps) can be removed using tiny instruments passed through the endoscope.

• Once the examination and any treatment are complete, the endoscope is gently withdrawn.

The Role of the Endoscope

Endoscopes have revolutionized modern medicine by enabling accurate diagnosis and minimally invasive treatments. They reduce the need for open surgery, shorten recovery times, and allow doctors to detect conditions like ulcers, tumors, and inflammation at an early stage.

After Your Endoscopy: Recovery and Results

Recovery after an endoscopy is generally quick, and in most cases, patients can return home the same day. Before you leave, your doctor will share the initial findings and explain the next steps.

Immediate Post-Procedure Care

After the procedure, you will be monitored until the sedation wears off completely. Most patients feel well within a few hours, but it’s important to:

• Avoid driving or operating machinery for 12–24 hours.

• Skip heavy meals for the rest of the day; start with light, easily digestible foods.

• Expect minor symptoms such as bloating, a sore throat (after upper endoscopy), or mild drowsiness—these usually resolve within a day.

Understanding Your Results

Your doctor will discuss preliminary findings immediately after the procedure. If a biopsy was taken, results may take a few days and will be reviewed during a follow-up appointment.

Potential Side Effects and When to Seek Medical Attention

Mild discomfort, temporary bloating, or minor bleeding at the biopsy site is common and usually resolves on its own. However, seek urgent medical attention if you experience:

• Severe abdominal pain

• Persistent vomiting or nausea

• High fever

• Heavy or prolonged bleeding

• Difficulty breathing

For more information about diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures, visit our Gastroenterology Department page.

This content was developed by the MedicalPark Editorial Board and is intended for informational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your healthcare provider for personalized care.